Farquharson et al (2019) A systematic approach to capnography waveforms. Long (2016) Interpreting Waveform Capnography: Pearls and Pitfalls. Gelman (2013) Capnography outside the operating room. Noticing all 3 aspects of capnography interpretation, clinicians ensure they have all information required to make clinical decisions and intervene appropriately.ġ.
Inspiratory downstroke: Is it sloping, steep, or prolonged?Ĭapnography use is increasing in different clinical settings as professionals understand the importance of detecting respiratory compromise quickly and with a high degree of sensitivity.Expiratory/alveolar plateau: Is it sloping, steep, or prolonged?.Expiratory upstroke: What is the shape? (i.e.Inspiratory baseline: Is there rebreathing?.Look for presence of exhaled CO 2: Is a waveform present?.Long (2016) suggests a systematic process to analyse capnography waveforms, divided into 5 steps: 2 3 Baseline, trend, frequency, shape, height, and width of the waveform all provide useful clues as to the quality of ventilation. These can possibly reduce errors of interpretation or clinical interventions. Systematic approaches to carbon dioxide waveform interpretation have been published. Phase IV: start of inhalation, CO 2 decreases to zero as atmospheric air enters the airway.This phase ends with a value of maximum CO 2 concentration Phase III: CO 2 concentration is relatively constant (reflects the concentration of CO 2 in the alveolar gas).Phase II: CO 2 increases rapidly as alveolar gas exits the airway.Phase I: start of exhalation, CO 2 concentration is initially zero.The expiratory segment is further divided into three phases (I, II, III), and an occasional phase IV, based on the physiology of carbon dioxide evolution from the lungs and airways: 1 A time capnogram has two important segments: inspiratory and expiratory. Time capnography is used more commonly in clinical practice. Carbon dioxide waveforms can be plotted against time or against expired volume.
#End tidal capnography how to#
It is important to learn how to interpret the waveform shape to make adequate clinical decisions.
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